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The Mediterranean Sea is almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Europe, on the south by Africa, and on the east by Asia. It covers an area of nearly 2.5 million km², but its connection to the Atlantic (the Strait of Gibraltar) is only 14 km wide. It was, and still remains, a superhighway of transport in ancient times, allowing for trade and cultural exchange between emergent peoples of the region, and its history is important in understanding the origin and development of Western Civilization.

