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Ünlüata Cruises: The Italian Cruise SESAME IT4 
Introduction
During SESAME IT4 cruise 19 researchers coming from different regions of Italy will join their forces to that of many other researchers (more than 100) coming from all over the world to assess the functioning of Southern European Seas (Mediterranean and Black Sea), to know which is the state of their wellness and how they influence and are influenced by climate change. During the cruise 18 hydrological stations will be performed in the Western Mediterranean Sea. In these stations we will measure physical (salinity, temperature, pressure) and chemical (oxygen, nutrients, dissolved and particulate organic matter) characteristics of sea water from surface to the bottom (in some stations the depth is 2800 m). In six of these stations we will take seawater samples to gain information on Phytoplankton, Zooplankton and Bacteria. A better knowledge of our Seas will let us to protect them, suggesting in all the people a more responsible behaviour toward the marine environment. The work is hard, but if we will join the forces and in particular with your help we will have success in saving our Oceans!
Day 13
Chiara Santinelli,
Rough Sea
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The last sunset of the cruise!
So, after 13 days of Sea we arrive at the end of the cruise. I’m writing while the little boat transports the last of us from Urania to the land. We are in Portoferraio, in the Elba Island. Urania didn’t enter in the harbor, so we are landing by using this little boat. We arrive close to the Elba Island during the night.
In the complex the cruise is gone well, we completed almost all the program, despite the very bad weather. This was possible thanks to the experience and the advices of the Captain and to the help of all the crew. I would like to thank the CNR, that gave a fundamental contribution to the project by placing the O/V Urania at our disposal for this cruise, as well as for all the Italian cruises. I would also like to underline the very important new service available on the Urania: the very good internet connection 24 h a day, that allowed us to send the diary with the photos and the movies without any problem. Heartfelt thanks to Vangelis Papathanassiou (SESAME Coordinator) and to all the people who make possible this cruise. A particular thank to the people working in the outreach activity, for their work and their help in advertizing the cruise.
I’m very happy for the success of the cruise, but I miss the atmosphere that there is on board, the company, the dark heaven full of stars, the sound of the Sea, the sunset, the sampling, the work at each time, the sun, the long chats, the laughs…The cruise is ended but now we are ready for a new adventure: samples analysis and data elaboration!
Many thanks to the children and to the teachers of Empoli schools and to everybody who followed us through the diary!
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- The Urania seen by the little boat during the landing
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- Portoferraio
Day 12
Chiara Santinelli,
Rough sea
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- The scientific team with the Captain and the Director
Yesterday at 21.00 we completed the work in the last station, the number 14. Then, we left toward the Elba Island. The harbor of disembarking has been changed from Naples to Portoferraio, in order to gain at least 10 hours of work. 10 hours may be very important in an oceanographic cruise, to complete the work! Today I’m a little sad, we began to dismantle the laboratories, to prepare the boxes and I don’t like this activities, as they indicated that the cruise is ending! This morning was very sunny and many of us were basking in the sun to relax. At about 14.00 we passed through the Bocche di Bonifacio, the view was wonderful! At 16.30 we had a meeting to take stock of the cruise and to see the first preliminary results, in fact physical oceanographers got preliminary data immediately as they are available after the CTD cast, while the chemical and biological oceanographers usually need some months to analyze the samples collected during the cruise. We planned a first workshop to present and discuss the data in December in Pisa. When all the data will be available, may be in 6 months, we will put all together in a common dataset. This is the first step to study marine ecosystems. Each group collected information that need the information collected by the others to be interpreted. In this work the collaboration, the broadmindedness, the availability toward the others are fundamental to reach the results! The bell is ringing, this is the signal that the dinner is served! I have to say good bye to everybody!
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- The toast to the success of the cruise
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- The boxes are ready to be disembarked
Day 11
Dr.ssa Maria Grazia Mazzocchi,
Light sea
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- The sample of mesozooplankton as you can see with the naked eye
Hello to everybody!
Here I am again, for the last time before the end of the cruise. It has been a very intense day with good weather, calm sea and wonderful sun. I collected zooplankton at the last two stations and found very interesting samples, rich of organisms! We are now in the Gulf of Lion, a region rich in phytoplankton and therefore in their grazers (the zooplankton), which take advantage of the presence of abundant food and growth well. I feel very tired because I worked a lot, so I will be short, but I wish t tell you about this interesting ‘harvesting’, as you can appreciate from the attached movie. One sample was plenty of salps, gelatinous and transparent species with a barrel shape, which filter intensively phytoplankton in a wide range of cell size. Another sample, on the contrary, was plenty of copepods, all small species (about or less than 1 mm) that make the sample look intense pink, with a fresh flavour of ……..summer watermelon. I collected also a species that occurs in the Mediterranean but is not common. It is Phronima sedentaria, a small, translucent amphipod about 2.5 cm (1 inch) long that resembles a shrimp, with a head, eyes, jaws and clawed arms. It is carnivorous and eat small plankton. It lives within large salps where it eats the internal tissues and growth its babies protected from predators. You know? Phronima served as an inspiration for the design of the Xenomorphs of the Alien film series. Everybody liked this animals, which was the new attraction for the evening until(after taking note of its presence), I gave it, still alive and active, back to the sea. In the open sea regions, one meets very interesting organisms!
Many greetings to all and hope to get back in touch during other oceanographic cruises.!
Maria Grazia
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- The same sample of mesozooplankton seen with the microscope
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- The microbiologists, Nello and francesco, at work!
Day 10
Cedric Falco,
Smooth sea
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- Cedric Falco
Good morning to everybody,
my name is Cédric Falco. I am an engineer in the University of Perpignan, in France. I am in charge of measuring the CO2 content in the water, a parameter that allows us to follow the evolution of marine pollution.
I am the only not Italian scientist on board and I would like to tell you about the daily life on board of Urania. I can tell you that sleeping is not always easy for me; quite often I have the impression to be on a big switchback, the boat moves a lot, and after 9 days I start feeling tired. To take a shower requires much more efforts here than at home; it is necessary to hold on something and pay attention to not slip. On the other hand, on this ship there is high comfort. The food is delicious, various and abundant; we eat every day two different kind of pasta, two seconds, vegetables, fruits and coffee and sometime the cook prepares the cake. The recipes are very diverse each days, I feel at the restaurant here! There is a lounge with bar and television, where we can have reunion, we can work and have a rest. We are 10 teams on board, about 30 persons (with the crew), and we all live together in reduced space during the whole campaign. When the bad weather prevents us from sampling, we occupy the time with different activities. Most of us try to advance in their paper works (e.g., writing reports), while other rest or read. Anyway this experience is very nice and rewarding for all of us.
Cedric
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- Benedetto is washing with fresh water the instrument to measure light, Domenico is preparing the Rosette for the cast
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- Irene is filtering samples for DOC analysis
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- The transfer to station 17, in the Gulf of Lion with rough Sea
Day 9
Dr. Alberto Ribotti,Researcher
Swell sea
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- The sunset
Dear friends,
this is my first contribution to the cruise diary and I am very excited!!! I introduce myself: I am researcher in physical oceanography at the Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment of the National Research Council in Sardinia, Italy. My work during this cruise is devoted to the measurement of the main physical parameters (temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, fluorometer, etc) through CTD and rosette for water sampling in hydrological casts. These data are useful for the characterization of the water masses in the area of study to compare and integrate with other measurements on board.
Today there is not much to do on board as we finished the last station (# 9) at midnight (for the hydrology). We are now transferring for about 170 nm towards the Spanish coast in order to wait the passage of the bad weather coming from the Gulf of Lions. For about 17-18 hours we can do something different than sampling, such as data and water analysis, cleaning of instruments, start new works (e.g., projects, ideas, manuscripts, etc), talk about our research in improvised seminars that we present in the lounge.
But this morning, as the sun is shining, some people prefer to spend part of their time on the bridge of the vessel, named in these cases Urania Beach. This early morning I was there, and I was not alone. A wonderful sun, a little bit of fresh air (as the strong wind has decreased a lot from yesterday), and a good book (but a colleague was reading a scientific paper) made a wonderful atmosphere even if the swell with long northern waves is quite tiresome for our stomachs.
We are now in the middle of the Catalan Sea. Behind us I can see faded Balearic Islands (Mallorca and Minorca), while in front I see only the sea. The Spanish coast with Barcelona is not visible, yet. After having reached the continental Spain, we will continue northward to the Gulf of Lions where we should resume our sampling work.
Let’s hope that tomorrow afternoon the roaring Lions will be quiet and silent! In this case we’ll start with the northernmost stations of this cruise. So, please, cross your fingers with us in order to wish us a good weather for tomorrow!!!
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- Alberto and the Rosette
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- Antonio and Fabio are preparing the in-situ pump to filter high volumes of water in the next station
Day 8
Dr. Antonio Schirone,
Light sea
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- We are waiting to arrive in the station
Life, on a research vessel, flows at three different rates.
The crew works with a regular timetable, everyday, at the same hour, performs the usual tasks; just like you, that everyday wake up, go to school, came back at home again, and play sport or music or watch your favourite TV series. But they work also at night, because the ship never stops.
The scientists, instead, work on alternate rates.
Waiting.
Waiting that the sea conditions allow to leave.
Waiting that the ship reaches the station.
Then…
Working.
Working: you must choose at which depth you have to collect water.
Working: you must spill the water, in a hurry, because the collecting bottles should be cast again to collect other water.
Working: you must catch the plankton with the net.
Working: you measure the light in the seawater casting a probe down to 100 meters
Working: you must spill other bottles, coming from different depths.
Now all the water is on the ship, let’s move to the next point, to the next station and…
Working: you add reagents, observe instruments, study the readings and…
Waiting for the water slowly flowing through the filters, drop by drop, litre by litre. And you change filter, change bottle, change sample and start filtering again, drop by drop, litre by litre.
And another station arrives, and everything starts again. And rough sea is coming, and you run to hide behind an island, to avoid the bigger waves and…
Waiting. Waiting, till sea conditions allow again to transfer to the next point, till the next station.
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- Marianna is filtering samples for metal determination
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- Waiting the weather improves
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- Maria is filtering samples for DOM characterization by its behavior in relation to the light
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- Cedric is preparing bottles for DIC sampling
Day 7
Chiara Santinelli,
Smooth sea
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- The styrofoam cups before the cast
Hello!
Today at 12:00 we have arrived at station 13, our westernmost sampling site. As the weather was not good yesterday, we stopped near Formentera Island and at 4:00 we left. Yesterday night we did not have to work, so we organized a party…we danced a lot and it was very funny!
At 12:21 we began working at station 13, with the first CTD cast. We collected samples between 200 and 1000 m, at 13:51 we did the surface cast between surface and 150 m, and at 16:22 we did the last cast from 1250 m to the bottom. While we were sampling the water from the Niskin bottles, Maria Grazia collected zooplankton samples and Maurizio and Benedetto did measurements of light penetration in the Sea. At 19:00, we left station 13 and we went to station 12 where we have worked during the night. The cruise is going fine, even if the weather doesn’t collaborate. The sea is always rough and we have done 5 stations till now. This is a good result if we consider the adverse conditions. We hope to visit all planned stations until st. 9, then we have to wait for an improving in the weather.
To realize the experiment proposed to children of Empoli schools we tied the styrofoam cups to the Rosette for the deep casts. In the photos you can see the cups before the cast and when they were tied to the Rosette. We sent the cups at 2800 and in the movie you can see the effect of the pressure!
Now it is 2:30 am. I have prepared everything for tomorrow morning and I can go finally to bed…I’m so tired!
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- Benedetto is tieing the cups to the Rosette
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- The cups are ready to be sent to 2800 m depth
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- The cups are ready to be sent to 2800 m depth
Day 6
Katrin Schroeder,Researcher
Rough Sea
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- Katrin
Hi everybody,
Here I am again… today we spent a not too hard day: yesterday night we finished the measurements at station 8 and then we directed our route towards the Balearic islands. The meteorological previsions were not so good for us and so we decided to look for another sheltered place. Within one hour we will arrive and throw the anchor in front of the island Formentera, the smallest of the Balearic islands.
Chiara brought on board the questions for the scientists written by the pupils of the schools of Empoli and tonight I will try to answer some of them. For example, Laura, Lisa and Elia are asking which type of currents exist in the Mediterranean Sea, and, as soon as this is my main interest, I will try to explain it to you. First of all, you have to know that in the Mediterranean there is not only one water, but there are many different water masses. The scientists are able to distinguish them, thanks to their different characteristics of temperature and salinity. These water masses also create different currents. Let’s star from the surface: from the Strait of Gibraltar (which connects the Mediterranean and the Atlantic) a current of Atlantic water enters and spreads throughout the whole Mediterranean, staying at the surface. This water mass is generally colder than the deeper one , but above all, it is much less salty than the deeper water. After entering the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic water moves eastward, reaching the easternmost edge, near the Cyprus island. Below the superficial water, we find another water mass, which Is called “Levantine Intermediate Water”. It is well distinguishable because it is the most salty and warm layer in the Mediterranean. It forms in the eastern Mediterranean, near Turkey, and from here, staying at a depth comprised between 200 m and 600 m, it moves towards west and spreads through the whole basin. The currents created by these water masses are not very strong, like those we can observe in a river for instance: the water moves with velocities of about 1 cm to 10 cm every second. Finally, in the deepest part of the Mediterranean (below 600 m), there are two different water masses: in the eastern Mediterranean there is the so-called “Eastern Mediterranean Deep Water”, which forms in the Adriatic, while in the western Mediterranean, obviously, circulates the “Western Mediterranean Deep Water”. This water mass forms in the Gulf of Lions, offshore the French coast (near Mareseille). But what do I mean when I’m speaking about the “formation of the water”? Obviously, the water is always there, but scientists says that a water mass forms in the moment and in the place where it gets its peculiar characteristics of temperature and salinity. In the Gulf of Lions cold and dry winds blow during winter. The superficial water in this regions, because of these winds, becomes colder and undergoes a strong evaporation. But when the seawater evaporates, only the water evaporates, while the salt remains all there. The result is that in the surface there is a colder and saltier water. I don’t know if you know that cold water is heavier than the warm water, and salty water is heavier than fresh water. So, the surface water, under the action of the winter winds, becomes heavier and….sinks towards the seafloor: this is the moment of the formation of the deep water mass and its history begins right now.
I hope that my explanations were clear, but if you have more questions and you do not have understood something, you can write me and I will try to answer you.
Bye,
Katrin
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- The nautical map of the Balearic Islands
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- The sunset beyond Formentera Island
Day 5
Irene Munaò,
Calm Sea
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- The laboratory in which we filter samples for DOC
Hello to everybody!!!
As a typical Sunday morning, I wake up late at 13.00 p.m.! The last night I went to bed very late, but not for a party or for dancing! The last night at 2:00 a.m we arrived to station 7. The samples arrived on board at 4:00 (the time for the cast of the rosette was of about 2 h) and I filtered them until the 6:30 a.m. At the end also the bottles went to sleep in the fridge until their unloading at the end of the cruise. The bottles will be analyzed in the laboratory of the Istituto di Biofisica of CNR in Pisa to measure Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and to study the different components of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) by analyzing their behavior in relation to light excitation as I wrote you in the diary of SESAME-IT2 cruise in the Ionian Sea. Now, while I’m writing I’m waiting for the samples that will be taken with the third cast at this station. Here we carried out 3 casts to sample enough water for each group. During every cast we closed 24 bottles of 10 lt each. As background there is a Caribbean music from some computer that put me good cheer and support our work. Some of us had filtered all the last night and are still working! By now the sleep is not more a priority! The tiredness has passed when we have see a Caretta caretta swimming in the sea and looking at us as curious about our work! We have tried to take a picture of her but without success because she was very small and she went away very fast. Ok guys, now I have to return to my work, because shortly we will arrive near the Balearic Islands where there are the next sampling stations. Before leaving, I wish to thank you very much for the nice drawings that you sent us. I have hung many of them in my work space here on the ship!! A kiss from the sea!!!
Irene
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- The Rosette is going in the sea
Day 4
Dr. Maurizio Ribera d’Alcalà,
Smooth Sea
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- Dr. Maurizio Ribera d'Alcalà while he is writing the diary in the laboratory
..finally, after three days of harsh weather the ship moved to the station no. 5 located between Sardinia and the Algerian coast. Many of us didn’t sleep well during the night because of the pitching and rolling of the ship during the first part of the navigation but the closer we went to the sampling point the better became the sea. The sky is partly clear and every now and then we can see the sun shining. We also crossed the path of a marine turtle (Caretta caretta) and Maria was even able to take a picture. At 10 a.m. we started the deep cast, followed by the optical profilers, the net tows for mesozooplankton and phytoplankton and, at the end, the shallow cast which is the one when basically everybody is involved. Like ants frantically moving on the ground, each of us with our small bottle or large carboy got close to the bottle spigots to spill the water for further processing (filtering, storing, freezing, poisoning bacteria, etc.).
During the last cast, when the rosette was in the water, a couple of us had the time to watch on the TV the final part the qualifying session of the Moto-GP race at Jerez de la Frontera, Spain. It was a fortunate combination that the only program we were able to tune was that broadcasting Moto-GP
Then we had to go back to the sample handling, which will last for two more hours at least. The people in charge of the physical measurements (the CTD people) do not have to get their hands wet, because they mostly deal with instrumental measurements. But they are in charge of being updated with weather forecast. During this cruise we have, for the first time on Urania, a stable internet connection which allows us to connect to the sites which run programs to make whether forecasts. A very good one is that of university of Athens, Greece at the URL http://forecast.uoa.gr. If you visit that site you can see beautiful maps of the wave heights, wind speed and direction one or two days in advance. It is a very nice tour if you are not at the sea. If you are on ship opening the site is like betting in a Lottery. You always hope to have the right number, but sometimes, as it is the case today, you figure out that you have absolutely the wrong number. From the maps we realized that we have approximately 36 hours of work before a new depression hits the region. We are already making plans on how to optimize the next 36 hours also considering that we have to find a shelter during the storm if we don’t want to be shaken for at least 30 hours in the middle of nowhere. Balearic islands are the only site we can use as a shelter, especially considering that the wind will blow from North-North-West. This is the Mistral, the strong cold wind typical of North-Western Mediterranean in this season, which is one the key players in the formation of the dense water that goes down to the bottom of the basin every year. Were we in the area to the study the sinking of the deep water it would have been a fantastic opportunity. Unfortunately we are here with other scopes, but the CTD people are quite excited to the idea that, in any case, they can get interesting information on the paths that deep water follows when it moves from the site of formation.
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- The turtle we saw in the morning
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- A moment of the sampling in the station 5
Day 3
Maria Grazie Mazzocch,
Rough Sea
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- Dr. Maria Grazia Mazzocchi in the laboratory
Hello everybody!
It’s me again, the zooplanktonologist onboard the ‘Urania’ ship. We met during our cruise in the Ionian Sea (S-IT2). We are sailing now towards stn S-IT4-04 in a very rough sea (sigh!). Here in the dry lab plenty of computers and monitors, I have ‘colonized’ a comfortable corner where I have placed a dissecting microscope. Yesterday evening, I have enriched this corner with the drawings, which were made by pupils of Empoli schools and brought onboard by Chiara, our chief scientist. My corner is very coloured and cosy now! In a drawing made by Niccolò (4a), an interesting marine trophic chain is illustrated, with zooplanktonic animals too! There is written also a good question: “ Do zooplankton live in all seas and oceans?” Yes, they do! Zooplankton live in all water environments, from deep oceans to high mountain lakes, including the rivers. These small animals live in all seas and oceans on the Earth. They are more abundant in the upper 200 m and are very few in deep waters. In a cubic meter of sea water from the open Mediterranean, in the upper 50 m, from hundreds to thousands zooplankters occur, whereas below 4000 m only a few individuals live (less than 5!). Zooplankton are more abundant in the upper layers because they fund more abundant food there, which is mostly represented by phytoplankton and protozoan ciliates.
Yesterday, taking advantage of our forced stop close to Favignana Island because of the rough sea, I gave a look to a zooplankton sample (fixed with formaldehyde) collected in the previous cruise in the Ionian Sea. I cannot analyse it onboard because individuals I need a stable plane for identifying and counting all. But I could not restrain myself to look at which species occur in the region we have recently visited. The sample was rich in individuals and species, it looked very interesting and I spent quite long time on it. Unfortunately, the sea become even worse and everything started to move, the chair, the microscope, the water in the sample under the microscope and the animals in the water in the sample ….and…. I got terribly seasick and I had to stop!
Before saying you ‘good bye’, I wish to send a big CIAO to all children are following us in this adventure, including my dear nephews and nice, and to all my Greek friend who are now sampling zooplankton during their Sesame cruise in the Ionian Sea.
Bye bye!
Maria Grazia
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- A tugboat is overtaking us
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- Irene and Francesco during the travel toward station 5
Day 2
Francesco Colao,
very rough sea
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- Figure 1
Dear friends we are now at the second day, here is Francesco and I’ll try to illustrate a little bit of the work done aboard. We are still having very bad weather conditions and unfortunately some of the activities cannot be done. In the meantime I want to show you the ship track of the last day (figure 1).
You may notice the departure from Trapani directed towards North-West, and after a brief trip we went back to Favignana isle to get repaired from the wind.
My job on the ship is to study the ocean color, a fascinating way to say that the color carries some important information concerning the water properties. Just to have an example, if you look again to the previous figure you’ll see along the ship track some colored spots, indicating the amount of DOM measured (red is high and deep blue is low). Here on the Urania together with Chiara and others we are studying different water properties, in order to get a better understanding of the sea and of its changes.
On the URANIA ship nobody can lies around: indeed you will never be completely ready. Someone is working with the PC analyzing data already acquired, others are checking once more that every items is ready to work: for instance you must be sure that batteries are fully charged, and the data logger are operational. Also the water pumps are checked again, will they work properly at the right time? We hope yes, and as soon as the weather shall again be good, we continue the SESAME marvelous adventure in the Mediterranean Sea.
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- Dr. Francesco Colao in the laboratory
Day 1
Chiara Santinelli,
Very rough sea
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- The departure from the Trapani harbor
Hello!
I’m writing while we are near the Favignana Island to repair from the bad weather, but let me start from the beginning!
During the morning all the people arrived and we loaded on board the instruments and material necessary for our sampling. In the early afternoon, we had a meeting to organize the work and at 17.00 we sailed. The departure is always a moment rich of emotions, the prow of the boat is toward the horizon and a new adventure begins! This is the moment to fulfill the work of months of preparation, this is a moment rich of hopes and expectations. So, we left toward the Sardinia, the expected time to arrive at the first station (stn S-IT4-04) is about 15 hours. Due to the very strict time to complete this cruise, the colleagues of the previous leg (IT3) helped us and sampled already the first 3 stations reported on the map! Unfortunately, it seems that the weather is not willing to collaborate! The weather forecast are very bad until Friday. As soon as we exit the harbor, the waves were so high that the ship moved a lot .... many of us got seasick and very few had dinner. The weather had rapidly got worse and with the captain we decided to turn back. With the calm after the storm we felt better and as zombies slowly we came out of the cabins. It was fine, we talked, we joked, we read the questions written by the children of Empoli schools. And so now we are here with the hope that the weather will improve soon and let us to begin to work!
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- A moment of the practise to deal with emergency on board, before the departure
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- During the meeting we look at the drawings that children did for us
Chiara Santinelli
Chiara Santinelli,
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- Chiara Santinelli
Hello!
I’m Chiara Santinelli I work at the Biophysics Institute of the CNR (Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Italia) and I will be the chief scientist of the next Italian cruise “SESAME –IT4”. The cruise will be carried out in the Western Mediterranean Sea (you can see the position of the stations in the map) from 26 March to 7 April, on board of the CNR research vessel “URANIA” (reported in the photo). The departure is very close and I’m a little anxious. It is very difficult to put together many different needs, requests, people, but now everything seems OK! I hope the weather will be fine! Are you ready to sail with us? Remember to follow the cruise through the diary! If you have some specific question you can send them to the following e-mail: education@sesame-ip.eu. If it will be possible I or the other researchers on board will answer you!
Good Bye!
Chiara
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- CNR Research vessel "URANIA"
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Day 13
7th April 2008 -
Day 12
6th April 2008 -
Day 11
5th April 2008 -
Day 10
4th April 2008 -
Day 9
3rd April 2008 -
Day 8
2nd April 2008 -
Day 7
1st April 2008 -
Day 6
31st March 2008 -
Day 5
30th March 2008 -
Day 4
29th March 2008 -
Day 3
28th March 2008 -
Day 2
27th March 2008 -
Day 1
26th March 2008 -
Chiara Santinelli
25th March 2008
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Phronima sedentaria
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Grazia is collecting mesozooplancton sample after the catch
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The cups are recovered after the cast. The pressure effect is clearly visible.
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The in situ-pumps to filter high volumes of water are recovered after 2 hours in the sea
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The sampling from the Niskin bottles
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Drawings of the italian schools for the team of the Sesame cruise IT4